Lagos was occupied by British forces in 1851 and formally annexed by Britain in the year 1865. Each king is a ritual reproduction of Eri. [55] The first Eze Nri (King of Nri), fikunim, followed directly after him. The royal stool of Olu of warri was founded by an Igala prince. Largely because of Songhai's influence, there was a blossoming of Islamic learning and culture. The national capital is Abuja, in the Federal Capital Territory, which was created by decree in 1976. Finidi George was the first Nigerian to play and score in the UCL semi-final as Ajax defeated Bayern Munich 5-2 at the Amsterdam Arena in the second leg to win 5-2 on aggregate in 1995. Gently undulating plains, which become waterlogged during the rainy season, are found in these areas. Modern Nigeria dates from 1914, when the British Protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria were joined. Now called Calabar, the city remained an important port shipping ivory, timber, beeswax, and palm produce until 1916, when the railway terminus was opened at Port Harcourt, 145km to the west.[71]. The NCNC represented the interests of the Igbo- and Christian-dominated people of the Eastern Region of Nigeria. In 1914, the area was formally united as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. Outline Map. During the 1950s prior to independence, oil was discovered off the coast of Nigeria. The major cause of Borno's decline was a severe drought that struck the Sahel and savanna from in the middle of the 18th century. One of the first sub-Saharan African countries to achieve this feat, Nigeria, which at the time had over 250 minor ethnic groups and three major ethnic groups (Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba), was poised to be a shining example on the continent. They arrived at Lagos and Benin in 1485 and the Merchants were welcomed. In 1994 the government set up the Ogoni Civil Disturbances Special Tribunal to try Ogoni activist Ken Saro-Wiwa and others for their alleged roles in the killings of four Ogoni politicians. By then a string of dynastic states, including the earliest Hausa states, stretched into western and central Sudan. 2014. However, in 1962, a faction arose within the AG under the leadership of Ladoke Akintola who had been selected as premier of the West. With the country sliding into chaos Defense Minister Sani Abacha assumed power and forced Shonekan's resignation on 17 November 1993. As of January 2010, he was still abroad. "The Crisis in Research and Academic Publishing in Nigerian Universities" (2002). Ofega was the queen for the Onitsha Igbo. Many Fulani moved into Hausaland and Borno, and their arrival increased tensions because they had no loyalty to the political authorities, who saw them as a source of increased taxation. At stake now are the most fundamental questions which can be raised about a country, beginning with whether it will survive as a single viable entity. By the end of the 18th century, some Muslim ulema began articulating the grievances of the common people. The collapse undermined Songhai's hegemony over the Hausa states and abruptly altered the course of regional history. [47], The Yoruba pay tribute to a pantheon composed of a Supreme Deity, Olorun and the Orisha. As a colony, it was initially divided into the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate. [18][19], The earliest known example of a fossil human skeleton found anywhere in West Africa, which is 13,000 years old, was found at Iwo-Eleru in Isarun, western Nigeria, and attests to the antiquity of habitation in the region. [citation needed] The Songhai Empire also occupied part of the region. The Igl are one of the ethnic groups found in Nigeria. From approximately the 8th century, adjacent village compounds called il coalesced into numerous territorial city-states in which clan loyalties became subordinate to dynastic chieftains. On 29 May 1967, Lt. Col. Emeka Ojukwu, the military governor of the eastern region who emerged as the leader of increasing Igbo secessionist sentiment, declared the independence of the eastern region as the Republic of Biafra on 30 May 1967. Nigeria is the seventh-most populous country in the world, home to more than 200 million people. Rivers draining the area north of the Niger-Benue trough include the Sokoto, the Kaduna, the Gongola, and the rivers draining into Lake Chad. These tropical grasslands spread out as far as the eye can see . The famous Kano Chronicle records the conversion of Kano's ruling dynasty by clerics from Mali, demonstrating that the imperial influence of Mali extended far to the east. The name Nigeria formulated by a British journalist Flora Shaw who later got married to Lord Frederick Lugard, the mastermind behind the creation of our beloved nation. Nigeria - the Origin, Meaning and Principality. [100], Two militants of an unknown faction shot and killed Ustaz Ja'afar Adam, a northern Muslim religious leader and Kano State official, along with one of his disciples in a mosque in Kano during dawn prayers on 13 April 2007. [14] Nigeria became a republic again after a new constitution was written in 1979. [67] From 1725 until 1750, roughly 17,000 enslaved Africans were sold from Calabar to European slave traders; from 1772 to 1775, the number soared to over 62,000. But the elections were marred by violence and allegations of widespread voter fraud included missing returns, polling places failing to open, and obvious rigging of results. There is a huge gap between the archaeological finds of Igbo Ukwu, which reveal a rich material culture in the heart of the Igbo region in the 8th century, and the oral traditions of the 20th century. However, the Igbo rejected attempts at constitutional revisions and insisted on full autonomy for the east. The Oyo Empire held supremacy over other Yoruba nations like the Egba Kingdom, Awori Kingdom, and the Egbado. The name, "Nigeria", given us by Flora Shaw, wife of former colonial master, Frederick Lugard, bears a negative vibration. [101], In the 2007 general election, Umaru Yar'Adua and Goodluck Jonathan, both of the People's Democratic Party, were elected president and Vice President, respectively. The earliest iron technology in West Africa has also been found to be contemporary with or predate that of the Nile valley and North Africa, and some archaeologists believe that iron metallurgy was likely developed independently in sub-Saharan West Africa.[30][29]. [90] All of this meant that by 1979, Nigeria was the sixth largest producer of oil in the world with revenues from oil of $24 billion per year. In May 1999 violence erupted in Kaduna State over the succession of an Emir resulting in more than 100 deaths. Nonetheless, Kano and Katsina, with their famous mosques and schools, came to participate fully in the cultural and intellectual life of the Islamic world. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [89] All five parties won representation in the National Assembly. In April 1990 mid-level officers attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow the government and 69 accused plotters were executed after secret trials before military tribunals. On the 31st of December 1899 the charter for the Royal Niger Company was revoked by the British government, and the sum of 865,000 was paid to the company as compensation. The vast country Kanem-Bornu reaching from Libya to Nigeria was created by the people of Zaghawa in nomadic Nilodic in the North-East of Nigeria by 700. [51] Nri and Aguleri, where the Igbo creation myth originates, are in the territory of the Umueri clan, who trace their lineages back to the patriarchal king-figure, Eri. [35], Borno's prosperity depended on the trans-Sudanic slave trade and the desert trade in salt and livestock. Administratively, Nigeria remained divided into the Northern and Southern Provinces and Lagos Colony. [94] Abacha dissolved all democratic institutions and replaced elected governors with military officers. This was especially true after the founding of the Institute for African Studies that brought together experts from many disciplines. But before then, he was the governor of both the Northern and Southern protectorates. Nigeria first became a republic in 1963, but succumbed to military rule after a bloody coup d'tat in 1966. Nok artwork; 5th century BC 5th century AD; length: 50cm (19.6in. The area was formerly the Igala Division of Kabba province, and is now part of Kogi State. [56] At least one historian puts fikunim's reign much later, around 1225.[57]. According to Igbo oral tradition, his reign started in 1043. Archaeological research, pioneered by Charles Thurstan Shaw, has shown a long history of human settlement in Nigeria. Eventually, the police with tear gas were required to quell the riot. The Nok culture is thought to have begun smelting iron by 600-500 BC and possibly some centuries earlier. Nigeria has a diverse geography, with climates ranging from arid to humid equatorial. B. Webster, R. J. Gavin, Robert Smith, and John D. Omer-Cooper. [29] The transition from Neolithic times to the Iron Age apparently was achieved indigenously without intermediate bronze production. The history of Nigeria can be traced back to as early as 11,000 BC when a number of ancient African communities inhabited the area that now makes Nigeria. His comments were interpreted by some analysts as a warning to his vice president and 2007 presidential candidate Atiku Abubakar. [107] On 29 May 2019, Muhammadu Buhari was sworn in for a second term as Nigeria's president, after winning the presidential election in February 2019. 1.5: Nigerian Culture and History is shared under a not declared license . Notably, as First Speaker of the House, Jaja Wachuku received Nigeria's Instrument of Independence, also known as Freedom Charter, on 1 October 1960, from Princess Alexandra of Kent, the Queen's representative at the Nigerian independence ceremonies. The Igala Kingdom expanded beyond the present-day boundary. Abacha enforced authority through the federal security system which is accused of numerous human rights abuses, including infringements on freedom of speech, assembly, association, travel, and violence against women. ", Ogbeidi, Michael M. "Political leadership and corruption in Nigeria since 1960: A socio-economic analysis. In the 14th century, however, dynastic conflict forced the then-ruling group and its followers to relocate in Borno, as a result the Kanuri emerged as an ethnic group in the late 14th and 15th centuries. Eri, the god-like founder of Nri, is believed to have settled in the region around 948 with other related Igbo cultures following in the 13th century. During the 15th century Oyo and Benin surpassed Ife as political and economic powers, although Ife preserved its status as a religious center. The Yorubaland now consists of different tribes from different states which are located in the Southwestern part of the country, states like Lagos State, Oyo State, Ondo State, Osun State, Ekiti State and Ogun State, among others. circa 11th century onwards - Formation of city states, kingdoms and empires, including Hausa kingdoms and Borno. [75] and the Action Group (AG) was a left-leaning party that represented the interests of the Yoruba people in the West. The PRC promulgated a new constitution based largely on the suspended 1979 constitution, before the 29 May 1999 inauguration of the new civilian president. Foreign exchange earnings and government revenues increased spectacularly with the oil price rises of 197374. From the outset, Nigeria's ethnic and religious tensions were magnified by the disparities in economic and educational development between the south and the north. Abacha died of heart failure on 8 June 1998 and was replaced by General Abdulsalami Abubakar. The first post-independence national government was formed by a conservative alliance of the NCNC and the NPC. trace the origin of News Agency of Nigeria discuss the functions of NAN and the services rendered by the agency. Nigeria is a patchwork of distinctive regions, including deserts, plains, swamps, mountains, and steamy jungles. The present crisis started" with Nigerian independence in 1960, but the federated parliament hid "serious internal strains. [3] Islam reached Nigeria through the Bornu Empire between (1068 AD) and Hausa States around (1385 AD) during the 11th century,[4][5][6][7] while Christianity came to Nigeria in the 15th century through Augustinian and Capuchin monks from Portugal. Yar'Adua's Hausa-Fulani background gave him a political base in the northern regions of Nigeria, while Goodluck does not have the same ethnic and religious affiliations. Thus, the AG was reduced to an opposition role in their own stronghold.[77]. The Niger has many rapids and waterfalls, but the Benue is not interrupted by either and is navigable throughout its length, except during the dry season. Igbo gods, like those of the Yoruba, were numerous, but their relationship to one another and human beings was essentially egalitarian, reflecting Igbo society as a whole. Nigeria is not only large in arealarger than the U.S. state of Texasbut also Africas most populous country. Other states where Igalas can be found are Anambra, Delta and Benue states. Though those efforts have been hard to come by, as many violent ethnic and religious clashes occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s, Nigeria has continued to face governmental, ethnic, religious, health related, educational, economic, and other issues ("Nigeria"). Olusegun Obasanjo inherited a country suffering economic stagnation and the deterioration of most democratic institutions. [79] The dominant northern NPC went into a conservative alliance with the new Yoruba NNDP, leaving the Igbo NCNC to coalesce with the remnants of the AG in a progressive alliance. Author of, Professor of History, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. However, on June 12, 2018, General Muhammadu Buhari, as president, announced a shift in this date from May 29 to June 12, as from the year 2019. Nigeria is bordered to the north by Niger, to the east by Chad and Cameroon, to the south by the Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean, and to the west by Benin. Some Fulbe converted to Islam as early as the 11th century and settled among the Hausa, from whom they became racially indistinguishable. The Nigerian Army, vastly expanded during the war, is both the main support to the FMG and the chief threat to it. Toyin Falola, and Julius Omozuanvbo Ihonvbere. The most mountainous area is along the southeastern border with Cameroon, where the Cameroon Highlands rise to the highest points in the country, Chappal Waddi (7,936 feet [2,419 metres]) in the Gotel Mountains and Mount Dimlang (6,699 feet [2,042 metres]) in the Shebshi Mountains. A separatist movement later formed the Republic of Biafra in 1967, leading to the three-year Nigerian Civil War. The term means that people should be independent and live within political boundaries that corresponded to where they lived. This lack of primary ethnic support makes Jonathan a target for militaristic overthrow or regional uprisings in the area. However, the opposition had accusations of electoral fraud in polls. The Ibadan School began to decline in importance in the 1970s. Trade is the key to the emergence of organized communities in the sahelian portions of Nigeria. [9][10] Local merchants provided them with slaves, escalating conflicts among the ethnic groups in the region and disrupting older trade patterns through the Trans-Saharan route.[11]. On 11 June 1994 Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola declared himself president and went into hiding until his arrest on 23 June. Akintola was appointed to head a coalition government in the Western Region. Foreign scholars often associated with the school include Michael Crowder, Abdullahi Amith, J. Yar'Adua's presidency was fraught with uncertainty as media reports said he suffered from kidney and heart disease. The eyes and the eyebrows suggest an inner calm or an inner serenity. [60][61], With the decline of Nri kingdom in the 15th to 17th centuries, several states once under their influence, became powerful economic oracular oligarchies and large commercial states that dominated Igboland. The presidential election was finally held on 12 June 1993, with the inauguration of the new president scheduled to take place 27 August 1993, the eighth anniversary of President Babangida's coming to power. The Etymological Origins of the Word Nigeria The name Niger-ia, or Nigger area was given to that country by the mistress of one of the most evil-minded genocidal murders of Muurs named Lord (Bloodclat!) Updates? The federal military government that assumed power under General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi was unable to quiet ethnic tensions on the issue or other issues. Additionally, the Ironsi government was unable to produce a constitution acceptable to all sections of the country. This was to commemorate the June 12th election of 1993, and the events that surrounded it. The capital is Idah in Kogi state. The U.S. intelligence community concluded in November 1970 that "The Nigerian Civil War ended with relatively little rancour. The origin of the Nigerian Armed Forces lies in the elements of the Royal West African Frontier Force, that became Nigerian, when independence was granted in 1960.In 1956, the Nigeria Regiment of the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF) was renamed the Nigerian Military Forces, RWAFF, and in April 1958, the colonial government of Nigeria took over from the British War Office . [74], The Federation of Nigeria was granted full independence on 1 October 1960 under a constitution that provided for a parliamentary government and a substantial measure of self-government for the country's three regions. The origin of the name Niger, which originally applied only to the middle reaches of the Niger River . The accused were tried before a Gen Victor Malu military tribunal in which Diya and five others- Late Gen AK Adisa, Gen Tajudeen Olanrewaju, Late Col OO Akiyode, Major Seun Fadipe and a civilian Engr Bola Adebanjo were sentenced to death to die by firing squad. Head of State Babangida promised to return the country to civilian rule by 1990 which was later extended until January 1993. In August 1998 Abubakar appointed the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) to conduct elections for local government councils, state legislatures and governors, the national assembly, and president. [83] The Ironsi government's efforts to abolish the federal structure and the renaming the country the Republic of Nigeria on 24 May 1966 raised tensions and led to another coup by largely northern officers in July 1966, which established the leadership of Major General Yakubu Gowon. [35], The mai employed his mounted bodyguard and an inchoate army of nobles to extend Kanem's authority into Borno. The Federal government was given exclusive powers in defence, foreign relations, and commercial and fiscal policy. This made inviting foreign scholars, subscribing to journals, and attending conferences vastly more expensive. The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. This led to an increase in trans-Saharan Trade. Additionally, the Obasanjo administration must defuse longstanding ethnic and religious tensions if it hopes to build a foundation for economic growth and political stabilityCurrently, there is conflict in the Niger Delta over the environmental destruction caused by oil drilling and the ongoing poverty in the oil-rich region[98].. A further major problem created by the oil industry is the drilling of pipelines by the local population in an attempt to drain off the petroleum for personal use or as a source of income. On December 31, 1983, the military overthrew the Second Republic. The Umunoha state in the Owerri area used the Igwe ka Ala oracle at their advantage. The Iron Age Nok civilization of northern Nigeria dates back to about 1,500 BC, with evidence of settled life in the environs of Kaduna. Much use was made of oral history and throughout the school took a strongly interdisciplinary approach to gather information. Although promising restoration of civilian rule he refused to announce a transitional timetable until 1995. Lugard. According to the Bayajidda legend, the Hausa states were founded by the sons of Bayajidda, a prince whose origin differs by tradition, but official canon records him as the person who married the last Kabara of Daura and heralded the end of the matriarchal monarchs that had erstwhile ruled the Hausa people. The judiciary system continued to be hampered by corruption and lack of resources after Abacha's death. A separatist movement later formed the Republic of Biafra in 1967, leading to the three-year Nigerian Civil War. 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