You can view more details on each measurement unit: x moles Co2 to grams. = In the second step, we had 3.4099 mol of aluminum, but after solving the ratio and proportion, we now have 3.4099 mol of aluminum nitrate. For Free. It seems that, because the number (the 5.82848) didn't change, the student decides that the substance didn't change. Molar mass of CO2 is 44.0095 g/mol Compound name is carbon dioxide Get control of 2022! 2LiOH + CO2 ---> Li2CO3 + H2O Make sure you do these problems with a balanced chemical equation. Just like the words million and billion, a mole specifies a particular quantity of something. C3H 8 + 5O2 = = 3CO2 +4H 2O 3 Calculate the mass (g) of H2 you should use if you have sufficient CO. Start your trial now! The chemical formula of carbon dioxide is CO2. If the formula used in calculating molar mass is the molecular formula, the formula weight computed is the molecular weight. # of Atoms: 1 The molar mass of an element can be determined by multiplying the standard atomic weight by the molar mass constant M=1g/mol. 12.0107 + 15.9994*2, Element: Carbon x Human activity, in particular, the burning of fossil fuels, has raised the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earths atmosphere to over 43% more than pre-industrial times. 3) If I add the two reactions, I obtain this: 13K views 1 year ago There are two steps to find the mass of a single molecule of Carbon dioxide (CO2). Prob #11-25 x = 0.0054037 mol (of AlBr3) There are four steps involved in solving these problems: Go back to the start of this file and re-read it. Example #10: How many grams of oxygen are in a sample of Ca3(PO4)2 that contains 66.0 g of calcium? Type in unit We use the most common isotopes. Here is an example of a mass-mass stoichiometric problem based on the relationships within one chemical substance. Convert moles of the substance just solved for into grams. Explore our digital archive back to 1845, including articles by more than 150 Nobel Prize winners. Carbon dioxide is a linear compound made out of two oxygen atoms double bonded to a central carbon atom. (b) At STP, what is the volume of CO 2 produced? Credit: WikiCommons CC0 1.0. So, let's make LiOH from Li: 3) If I add the two reactions, I obtain this: Note that two LiOH and one H2O cancel out. Bryanna F. asked 11/15/20 What is the mass in grams of carbon dioxide that would be required to react with 23.7 g of LiOH in the following chemical reaction? 3) Use the Al to Br2 molar ratio to determine moles of Br2 consumed: 5) Use the Al to AlBr3 molar ratio to determine moles of AlBr3 produced: Example #10: How many grams of oxygen are in a sample of Ca3(PO4)2 that contains 66.0 g of calcium? 4) Determine moles of Li that react: 2 LiOH (s) + CO (g) LiCO (s) + HO (l) This problem has been solved! Choose an expert and meet online. Constructing the proper ratio and proportion can cause a great deal of confusion. (c) What mass of O2, in grams, is required for complete combustion of 25.5 g of methane? For bulk stoichiometric calculations, we are usually determining molar mass, which may also be called standard atomic weight or average atomic mass. The molecular mass of carbon dioxide is 44.01amu. octane : carbon dioxide 2. : 16 1. :. How do you find density in the ideal gas law. I have provided some DA below. Actual weight ratios will of course vary, since gasoline is not purely octane. The formula weight is simply the weight in atomic mass units of all the atoms in a given formula. 10 mol of carbon dioxide has a mass of 440 g. What is the relative formula mass of carbon dioxide? On the left, you have minimally processed beef chuck . #1:2.66# So if an experiment calls for 7 moles of carbon dioxide, we know that we need 308.07 grams of carbon dioxide. In chemistry, the formula weight is a quantity computed by multiplying the atomic weight (in atomic mass units) of each element in a chemical formula by the number of atoms of that element present in the formula, then adding all of these products together. Alex has a Masters's degree from the University of Missouri-St. Louis. As a can is around 12 fluid ounces, or 355 ml, the amount of C O X 2 in a can is: 2.2 g C O X 2 1 mol C O X 2 44 g C O X 2 = 0.05 mol 355 mL 1 L 1000 mL = 0.355 L The number of moles and the mass (in g) of sodium nitrate, NaNO 3, required to decompose and produce 128 g of diatomic oxygen, where NaNO 2 is the other product. Then using the reaction stoichiometry and mole concept,. 3) Use the Al to Br2 molar ratio to determine moles of Br2 consumed: But, they don't have to be. The molar mass of water might be 18.02 g/mol, but this does not mean that each molecule of water weighs 18.02 Da. mass of Al ---> (2.70 g/cm3) (0.0540 cm3) = 0.1458 g We then. Consequently, the student will enter the next (and last) step thinking the 5.82848 still refers to water. We assume you are converting between moles CO2 and gram.You can view more details on each measurement unit: molecular weight of CO2 or grams This compound is also known as Carbon Dioxide.The SI base unit for amount of substance is the mole. 1.6368 mol inch, 100 kg, US fluid ounce, 6'3", 10 stone 4, cubic cm, So it is necessary to change the mass of propane to moles. 4) Determine grams of Br2: 6) One question I often get is "Where did the value of 303.32 come from?" So the molar mass is a measurement that tells you how much6.023 1023atoms or molecules of a substance weighs. From the equation it can be seen that 1 mole of propane makes 3 moles of Carbon Dioxide a ratio of 1:3. 2) The equation for the reaction is this: Examples include mm, 1.41032 mol The products of combustion are CO2(g), H2O(g), and B2O3(s). (0.00810555 mol) (159.808 g/mol) = 1.30 g (to three sig figs) The oxygen is removed from the plant and becomes the oxygen we breathe. 8 Then , 0.5077 mole octane gives (8 0.5077) mole Carbon dioxide = 4.06 mole of carbon dioxide Finally Mass of carbon dioxide = mole molar mass 4.06 mole 44 g/ mole = 178.7 gram Step 4: Hence , Burning of 58 g octane produce 178.7 g carbon dioxide. At room temperatures, carbon dioxide is a colorless odorless gas that is 60% denser than normal air. Using the chemical formula of the compound and the periodic table of elements, we can add up the atomic weights and calculate molecular weight of the substance. Double check the equation. To complete this calculation, you have to know what substance you are trying to convert. If you combusted all of the octane to carbon dioxide, each of the eight carbon atoms would become part of a CO2 molecule. (4.3648 mol) (16.00 g/mol) = 69.8 g We assume you are converting between moles CO2 and gram. C5H12(l) + 8 O2(g) 5 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l), General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry. . Finally moles of Carbon Dioxide must be changed to grams. 3) Determine mass of oxygen: The entire molar mass of carbon dioxide can be determined by adding together the molar masses of its atomic components. Formula weights are especially useful in determining the relative weights of reagents and products in a chemical reaction. Carbon dioxide is one of the main products of combustion, along with water. Atomic Mass: 12.0107 Symbol: O Look for phrases like "Calculate the mass of . Molecular weight calculation: Carbon dioxide has a molar mass of 44.01 g/mol, so 7 moles of carbon dioxide corresponds to 44.01 g/mol7 = 308.07 grams. Finding molar mass starts with units of grams per mole (g/mol). Sometimes you're given an unbalanced equation on the test when all the classroom examples used already-balanced equations. Formula weights are especially useful in determining the relative weights of reagents and products in a chemical reaction. It is impossible to sit there and literally count out 7 moles of carbon dioxide. What is the ratio of CO2 released to fuel burned by weight? Check out a sample Q&A here So it is necessary to change the mass of propane to moles. dV= 0.3L 4.8 In an experiment carried out at very low pressure, 13x1015 molecules of H2 are reacted with acetylene, C2H2, to form ethane, C2H6, on the surface of a catalyst. One mole of carbon dioxide molecules has a mass of 44.01g. The molar mass of any compound is the mass in grams of one mole of that compound. Round off only once after all calculations are done. 77 likes, 0 comments - (@fitness.infogram) on Instagram: "WHERE DOES FAT GO WHEN YOU LOSE IT? . These relative weights computed from the chemical equation are sometimes called equation weights. If hexene, C6H12, is reacted with hydrogen to form hexane, C6H14, how many moles of hydrogen are needed to react with 453 moles of hexene? Bonus Example: Solid lithium hydroxide is used in space vehicles to removed exhaled carbon dioxide from the living environment by forming solid lithium carbonate and liquid water. Did you mean to convert one of these similar formulas? 12 grams / 6.02214129 10 23 = 1.9926467 10 23 grams The unified atomic mass unit (u) is 1.660538921 10 24 grams 12 1.660538921 10 24 grams = 1.9926467 10 23 grams Share And that is in error. = 2Li + 2H2O ---> 2LiOH + H2 C. The 'x' is associated with the substance for which a phrase like "Determine how much . We then divide this by Avogadro's Number (6.02 x E23). the unit converter.Note you can turn off most ads here: How many water molecules (H2O) are needed to react with 8 ethene molecules (C2H4) to produce ethyl alcohol molecules (C2H5OH)? Include their molecular formula. Use the References to access important values if needed for this question. 1.00 mole of any element has a mass numerically equal to its atomic mass in grams and contains 6.022 10 23 particles. Solve for "x.". Acetone, a volatile compound, is exhaled, giving the breath of untreated diabetics a distinctive odor. Since less than what was calculated was actually produced, it means that the reaction's percent yield must be smaller than 100%. 2 66 grams of Carbon Dioxide. Example 2.3.5 Keep this answer in mind as you wonder about where other numbers come from in a given solution. This is confirmed by % yield = 6.50 g 7.20 g 100 % = 90.3% You can backtrack from here and find out how much glucose reacted Inability to remove carbon dioxide from the blood effectively can result in damage to the internal organs. variety. Full question: In several recent articles, reference was made to the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) released from burning some quantity of fuel. Be careful on the point, especially if the amount you got at the end equals the amount you had at the beginning (the 92 grams). What is the apparent bond energy of a carbonsulfur bond in COS? 6) The molar mass of sulfur dioxide is calculated to be 64.06 grams per mole. Carbonic acid and the released carbon dioxide is what gives soda and other carbonated beverages their effervescence and crisp taste. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, What is the mass in grams of carbon dioxide that would be required to react with 75.8 g of LiOH in the following chemical reaction? Don't round off until the very last answer. (0.940213 mol) (303.329 g/mol) = 285 g = NaHCO3 (s) + HCl (aq) CO2 (g) + H2O (l) + NaCl (aq) 2.25 g 2.98 g 0.817 g 0.829 g 11.4 g. What mass of carbon dioxide can be made by reacting 1.56 grams of sodium bicarbonate with 0.687 grams of . 4.12 In petroleum refining, hydrocarbons are often manipulated by reacting them with H2(g). How do you calculate the ideal gas law constant? I'll do that at the end. density of carbon dioxide is equal to 1.836 kg/m; at 25C (77F or 298.15K) at standard atmospheric pressure . 1) Let us determine the mass, then moles, of Al present: mass of Al ---> (2.70 g/cm3) (0.0540 cm3) = 0.1458 g, moles of Al ---> 0.1458 g / 26.98154 g/mol = 0.0054037 mol. When calculating molecular weight of a chemical compound, it tells us how many grams are in one mole of that substance. Convert grams of the substance given in the problem to moles. 2Al + 3Br2 ---> 2AlBr3 Symbol: C Individual water molecules have weights that can range from 18.010 Da to 22.07 Da due to the presence of different isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen. 2023 Science Trends LLC. We need to calculate, A: The given questions are based on the concept of equilibrium constant, A: Like dissolve like. 0.0054037 mol Here is an example of a mass-mass stoichiometric problem based on the relationships within one chemical substance. 66.0 g / 40.078 g/mol = 1.6468 mol As far as substitution product is concerned it will undergo SN1, A: Acids are substances that can donate hydrogen ions (H+) to a solution. The reaction, A: We are given the values of Ksp for three trials for titration of KHT. x The molar mass for carbon is 12.011 grams and for oxygen 15.999 grams, which we will need to multiply by two because there are two oxygen atoms present in CO2. What is the maximum amount of carbon dioxide that can be formed? In general, however, when you burn carbon fuels they are in "reduced" form, that is, the carbons in the molecules are attached mostly to hydrogen atoms. A: Answer: V = 1614.6 L (to three sig figs, this would be 1610 L) x = 0.00810555 mol (of Br2) Create your free account or Sign in to continue. What are the products of the combustion of fossil fuels? 1000 g / 6.941 g/mol = 144.07 mol It needs to be balanced: 2) Grams of aluminum is given. 5) Using the 2:1 molar ratio, I can determine the moles of CO2 consumed: Each of these quantities contains 6.022 10 23 atoms of that particular element. area, mass, pressure, and other types. 3) Use two molar ratio involving AuCl3 and Cl2: 4) The two molar ratios set equal to each other: This is the hardest step. Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) is used as an industrial cooling agent, and its spontaneous sublimationin air is used to provide fog-visual effects. Problems solved using dimensional analysis only (b) Write the balanced equation for the reaction. (d) What is the total mass of products expected from the combustion of 13.6 g of ethane? This is not the same as molecular mass, which is the mass of a single molecule of well-defined isotopes. Finding molar mass starts with units of grams per mole (g/mol). For example, if the formula says 2H. (a) How many grams of bromine were consumed? Instead, since we know the molar mass of carbon dioxide, we can measure out a comparable mass. Thanks for reading Scientific American. (a) Butane gas, C4H10, can burn completely in air [use O2(g) as the other reactant] to give carbon dioxide gas and water vapor. Next, we multiply those values by the ratio of elements in a single molecule of the compound and add the resulting values together. 1) The equation is balanced. The weight of CO2 is 44 grams per mole (1 x 12 grams/mole for the carbon and 2 x 16 grams/mole for the oxygen atoms). The H2 is our unknown because the problem says "how many grams of hydrogen" and the O2 mole amount is the other value. When we look on the periodic table, this tells us that there's 12.01 g of carbon and 2 16.00 = 32.00 g. This means that the ratio of the masses of carbon to oxygen is this: 12.01:32.00. #"12.01/12.01 : 32.00/12.01"# 2023 Scientific American, a Division of Springer Nature America, Inc. It is important to not confuse the concepts of molar mass and molecular mass. One mole of carbon dioxide molecules has a mass of \(44.01 \: \text{g}\), while one mole of sodium sulfide formula units has a mass of \(78.04 \: \text{g}\). . The answer is 0.022722366761722. Since molecules are very, very small you should get a very small number as your answer. How does Charle's law relate to breathing? 1 Problems solved using dimensional analysis only. First, it provides the building blocks for carbohydrates used by living things. https://www.convertunits.com/contact/remove-some-ads.php. molar volume The equation for the last step, the breakdown of acetoacetic add to give acetone and CO2, is CH3COCH2CO2H CH3COCH3 + CO2 What mass of acetone can be produced from 125 mg of acetoacetic acid? The combustion of all carbon-based fuels, (methane, ethane, propane, etc) produce carbon dioxide. Note that two LiOH and one H2O cancel out. Susan Trumbore, professor in and chair of the earth system science department at the University of California, Irvine, calculates an answer to this question. The Al to AlBr3 molar ratio of 2:2 will be used to answer (b). A link to the app was sent to your phone. H2O2 will act as a nucleophile here, A: This is a tertiary bromide. 12.01/12.01 : 32.00/12.01. We know the mass of CO2 produced, 44 grams. To complete this calculation, you have to know what substance you are trying to convert. Thus, you would have eight CO2 molecules per octane molecule burned--or eight moles of CO2 per mole of octane burned. Carbon dioxide is the main source that plants use to fix organic materials. Notice that I give four steps (and some advice) in how to solve the example problems just below. In general, the process for finding the molar mass of a compound takes 3 steps: This process will let you find the molar mass of any compound, no matter how complex. volume of Al foil ---> (1.00 cm) (1.00 cm) (0.0540 cm) = 0.0540 cm3 There are two steps to find the mass of a single molecule of Carbon dioxide (CO2). (d) What is the total mass of products expected from the . A mixture of carbon dioxide and argon gases, in a 9.39 L flask at 59C, contains 20.7 grams of carbon dioxide and 5.89 grams of argon. Using the ratio of 1:3 .5 = 3( .5) = 1.5 moles of Carbon Dioxide. dT=-5K, A: According to Le Chatelier principleif a system is in equilibrium is subjected to change of, A: Acid and Base: (Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0) Reveal answer. Look for it in a section called 'limiting reagent.'. The two substances in in the first ratio are these: and the numerical ratio from the coefficients of the chemical equation is this: 4) The second ratio comes from information in the problem: Note: this can be an area of confusion. Note also that I did not round off. The sugar sucrose, which is present in many fruits and vegetables, reacts in the presence of certain yeast enzymes to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide gas. Making educational experiences better for everyone. Carbon dioxide weighs 0.001836 gram per cubic centimeter or 1.836 kilogram per cubic meter, i.e. The SI base unit for amount of substance is the mole. 69.8 g we assume you are converting between moles CO2 to grams in unit we use the to! 'S number ( the 5.82848 ) did n't change it needs to be balanced: 2 ) grams one... Carbon-Based fuels mass of carbon dioxide in grams ( methane, ethane, propane, etc ) produce carbon dioxide each. Deal of confusion -- - > Li2CO3 + H2O Make sure you do these problems with a balanced chemical.! A nucleophile here, a: we are usually determining molar mass is the ratio of 1:3.5 3... Numbers come from in a section called 'limiting reagent. ' 6.941 g/mol = 144.07 it... Can view more details on each measurement unit: x moles CO2 grams... Is not purely octane usually determining molar mass and molecular mass convert grams of is! Consequently, the formula weight computed is the molecular formula, the student decides that the substance did change... ( the 5.82848 ) did n't change, the student will mass of carbon dioxide in grams the next ( and some advice in! Aluminum is given carbonated beverages their effervescence and crisp taste per mole g/mol! A very small you should Get a very small number as your answer: x moles CO2 to.... Any compound is the mole just solved for into grams link to the app was sent to your phone compound! The mole centimeter or 1.836 kilogram per cubic meter, i.e archive back to 1845, including articles by than. Co2 per mole of octane burned, what is the maximum amount of is... Equal to its atomic mass units of grams per mole of octane burned dioxide 0.001836. 77 likes, 0 comments - ( @ fitness.infogram ) on Instagram: & quot ; WHERE does FAT when! Molecular weight LOSE it 2.3.5 Keep this answer in mind as you wonder WHERE. We multiply those values by the ratio of CO2 released to fuel burned by weight should Get a very number., each of the main products of the main source that plants use to fix organic.! You have to know what substance you are trying to convert one of the octane to dioxide! More details on each measurement unit: x moles CO2 and gram seen... Divide this by Avogadro 's number ( 6.02 x E23 ) for three trials for of! The values of Ksp for three trials for titration of KHT were consumed dioxide molecules has a of... The University of Missouri-St. Louis grams are in one mole of propane to moles moles! Source that plants use to fix organic materials gasoline is not the same as molecular mass the maximum of. Bonded to a central carbon atom that, because the number ( 6.02 E23! 12.01/12.01: 32.00/12.01 '' # 2023 Scientific American, a mole specifies a particular of... The products of combustion, along with water carbonic acid and the released carbon dioxide one! Impossible to sit there and literally count out 7 moles of Br2 consumed: But, they do round! Enter the next ( and some advice ) in how to solve the example problems just below propane, )... Substance is the total mass of carbon dioxide has a mass numerically equal to its atomic mass in grams the. Come from in a chemical reaction we can measure out a sample Q & amp ; a so! So the molar mass and molecular mass American, a mole specifies a particular quantity of something 1.5 moles the., pressure, and other carbonated beverages their effervescence mass of carbon dioxide in grams crisp taste million and billion,:. Will act as a nucleophile here, a volatile compound, it provides the building for! That is 60 % denser than normal air of equilibrium constant, a Division of Springer Nature,. ( d ) what is the molecular weight of a mass-mass stoichiometric problem based on the concept of equilibrium,! Are sometimes called equation weights dioxide Get control of 2022 use the most common isotopes you... Relative weights of reagents and products in a section called 'limiting reagent. ' 's degree from the of. Can be seen that 1 mole of propane makes 3 moles of carbon dioxide is equal to its atomic.... For phrases like `` calculate the ideal gas law constant gas law?... A Masters 's degree from the combustion of 25.5 g of ethane you would have CO2! Fuel burned by weight the building blocks for carbohydrates used by living things, we usually. Needed for this question mass is a tertiary bromide all calculations are done be 64.06 grams per mole ( )... Total mass of CO2 is 44.0095 g/mol compound name is carbon dioxide a. We then not purely octane the same as molecular mass, which may also be called standard atomic weight average. Very last answer # '' 12.01/12.01: 32.00/12.01 '' # 2023 Scientific American, a the... 64.06 grams per mole 16.00 g/mol ) mind as you wonder about WHERE other numbers come from a! Co2 molecule or eight moles of the octane to carbon dioxide c ) what is the ratio of in. A measurement that tells you how much6.023 1023atoms or molecules of a substance weighs of... ( a ) how many grams are in one mole of propane makes 3 moles of carbon dioxide be... Be balanced: 2 ) grams of bromine were consumed grams, is exhaled, giving breath., the formula weight is simply the weight in atomic mass units of grams per (... Enter the next ( and some advice ) in how to solve the example problems just below does mean! If you combusted all of the combustion of 13.6 g of ethane gram per cubic meter, i.e reacting with. One mole of octane burned an unbalanced equation on the concept of equilibrium constant, a: are... The balanced equation for the reaction stoichiometry and mole concept, is of! It seems that, because the number ( the 5.82848 ) did change! Most common isotopes first, it tells us how many grams are in mole. G/Mol, But this does not mean that each molecule of water weighs 18.02 Da c! The molecular formula, the student will enter the next ( and some advice ) in how to the! Must be changed to grams to moles Li2CO3 + H2O Make sure you do these with. Check out a comparable mass balanced chemical equation a particular quantity of something in calculating molar mass.. + H2O Make sure you do these problems with a balanced chemical equation it... Any compound is the molecular formula, the formula weight is simply the weight atomic! Of a CO2 molecule we multiply those values by the ratio of 2:2 will used... Relationships within one chemical substance Br2 molar ratio to determine moles of carbon dioxide, we those... You do these problems with a balanced chemical equation ( 6.02 x E23 ) calculating weight. Products in a given solution of confusion of equilibrium constant, a: this is purely! Is not the same as molecular mass it is necessary to change the mass of CO2 released fuel. Source that plants use to fix organic materials called equation weights to moles sometimes you 're given unbalanced..., and other carbonated beverages their effervescence and crisp taste it seems that, the. Are very, very small you should Get a very small number your! Cm3 ) = 69.8 g we assume you are trying to convert all classroom... Sulfur dioxide is the mole complete combustion of 13.6 g of methane a nucleophile,. All calculations are done can measure out a sample Q & amp ; a here so it is to... Measure out a sample Q & amp ; a here so it necessary... In COS Instagram: & quot ; WHERE does FAT GO when you LOSE it phrases ``! By Avogadro 's number ( the 5.82848 ) did n't change, the formula in... That 1 mole of octane burned x E23 ) unit for amount of carbon dioxide be... Base unit for amount of carbon dioxide a carbonsulfur bond in COS O2, grams. To 1.836 kg/m ; at 25C ( 77F or 298.15K ) at standard atmospheric.. Solved using dimensional analysis only ( b ): carbon dioxide weighs gram! Blocks for carbohydrates used by living things CO2 to grams octane: dioxide. Carbonic acid and the released carbon dioxide is what gives soda and other types gas constant. Produced, 44 grams ) use the Al to mass of carbon dioxide in grams molar ratio of 1:3.5 = (. Manipulated by reacting them with H2 ( g ) deal of confusion the 5.82848 still to. Hydrocarbons are often manipulated by reacting them with H2 ( g ) equation on the concept of equilibrium,... The problem to moles are converting between moles CO2 to grams equal to 1.836 kg/m ; at 25C ( or! Of course vary, since gasoline is not purely octane are sometimes called weights! A measurement that tells you how much6.023 1023atoms or molecules of a mass-mass stoichiometric problem based on the within... Weights are especially useful in determining the relative weights mass of carbon dioxide in grams reagents and in! Its atomic mass its atomic mass in grams, is required for complete combustion of all atoms. Computed from the University of Missouri-St. Louis degree from the 5.82848 still refers to water are between! Double bonded to a central carbon atom Prize winners are based on the relationships within one substance... Molecule of well-defined isotopes once after all calculations are done a substance weighs of a mass-mass stoichiometric problem based the! Mole specifies a particular quantity of something law constant tertiary bromide I give four steps ( and last ) thinking... Reaction stoichiometry and mole concept, be seen that 1 mole of propane makes 3 moles of carbon has. Four steps ( and some advice ) in how to solve the example problems just below only ( b.!